Developing and Analytical Application of Modified Electrode for the Electrochemical Determination of Rafoxanide Veterinary Drug
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https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14568602Keywords:
Rafoxanide, Detection, Electroanalytical, Modified electrode, TiO2 nanoparticlesAbstract
Electrochemical behavior and analytical applications of rafoxanide drug substance, which is used as an anthelmintic and is a salicylanilide family, was investigated by the cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV), and square wave stripping voltammetry (SWSV) on modified the titanium dioxide nanoparticles/multi-walled carbon paste electrode (TiO2 NPs/MWCNTPE). The rafoxanide showed a well-defined anodic signal, has an irreversible electrode reaction, at approximately 0.45 V in the optimum pH 6.0 Britton Robinson (BR) buffer solutions. Some parameters of stripping modules such as supporting electrolyte, pH, frequency, deposition time, pulse time and pulse amplitude, etc. were optimized to develop the most sensitive electroanalytical method. Furthermore, the calibration graphs were created using the standard addition technique with SWSV and DPSV on the optimum condition. It has a linear working range of 2.0–16.0 mg/L with SWSV and 2.5–14 mg/L with DPSV for the determination of rafoxanide in pH 6.0 BR buffer solution on the TiO2 NPs/MWCNTPE. The limit of determination (LOD) by SWSV and DPSV, which are the most important validation parameter, was found to be 0.054 and 0.072 mg/L, respectively. To investigate the selectivity of the method, analysis of 5 mg/L rafoxanide was carried out on TiO2 NPs/MWCNTPE with SWSV in the presence of various heavy metals and some organic substances. The interference agents had no significant effect on the determination of rafoxanide (less than 10% within the tolerance range). Finally, the rafoxanide drug was successfully evaluated in tap water samples by the proposed SWSV without any pretreatment with a high percent recovery. Subsequently, a fast, inexpensive, reliable, portable, environmentally friendly, selective and sensitive new electroanalytical method has been improved to deduce rafoxanide in real samples.
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