International Bulletin of Electrochemical Methodology

Developing and Analytical Application of Modified Electrode for the Electrochemical Determination of Rafoxanide Veterinary Drug

2022-10-24T17:25:14+03:00

Electrochemical behavior and analytical applications of rafoxanide drug substance, which is used as an anthelmintic and is a salicylanilide family, was investigated by the cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV), and square wave stripping voltammetry (SWSV) on modified the titanium dioxide nanoparticles/multi-walled carbon paste electrode (TiO₂ NPs/MWCNTPE). The rafoxanide showed a well-defined anodic signal, has an irreversible electrode reaction, at approximately 0.45 V in the optimum pH 6.0 Britton Robinson (BR) buffer solutions. Some parameters of stripping modules such as supporting electrolyte, pH, frequency, deposition time, pulse time and pulse amplitude, etc. were optimized to develop the most sensitive electroanalytical method. Furthermore, the calibration graphs were created using the standard addition technique with SWSV and DPSV on the optimum condition. It has a linear working range of 2.0–16.0 mg/L with SWSV and 2.5–14 mg/L with DPSV for the determination of rafoxanide in pH 6.0 BR buffer solution on the TiO₂ NPs/MWCNTPE. The limit of determination (LOD) by SWSV and DPSV, which are the most important validation parameter, was found to be 0.054 and 0.072 mg/L, respectively. To investigate the selectivity of the method, analysis of 5 mg/L rafoxanide was carried out on TiO₂ NPs/MWCNTPE with SWSV in the presence of various heavy metals and some organic substances. The interference agents had no significant effect on the determination of rafoxanide (less than 10% within the tolerance range). Finally, the rafoxanide drug was successfully evaluated in tap water samples by the proposed SWSV without any pretreatment with a high percent recovery. Subsequently, a fast, inexpensive, reliable, portable, environmentally friendly, selective and sensitive new electroanalytical method has been improved to deduce rafoxanide in real samples.

A Current Applications and Advantages of Electrochemical Methods for Sensitive Determination of Diphenyl Ether Herbicides

2024-03-25T08:45:39+03:00

Pesticides, while effective in controlling pests and boosting agricultural yields, pose significant negative effects on the environment and human health. Their widespread use can lead to soil and water contamination, harm non-target organisms, contribute to the development of pesticide-resistant pests, and raise concerns about the potential long-term impact on ecosystems. Electrochemical sensors are one of the leading technologies due to their ability to quickly determine and monitor pesticide levels in several matrices. With the advantages of electrochemical analysis and advanced structural/chemical properties of nanomaterials/biomaterials, advanced electrochemical sensors offer outstanding performance for specific pesticide detection. This is because nanomaterials contribute to the development of advanced (multi)functional electrochemical sensing platforms thanks to their tunable pore diameters, biocompatibility, high surface area and pre-concentration capabilities. This review comprehensively explores the contemporary applications and advantages of electrochemical methods for the sensitive determination of diphenyl ether herbicides, elucidating their pivotal role in modern analytical chemistry. Current uses and developments of electrochemical sensors are presented for practical applications in diphenyl ether herbicides detection and monitoring to end with some concluding remarks, perspectives, and trends.

Biochar-Based Screen-Printed Sensors: A Sustainable Solution for Electrochemical Applications

2024-12-16T15:04:39+03:00

Biochar, a sustainable and cost-effective material derived from biomass, has emerged as a versatile candidate for constructing advanced electrochemical sensors, particularly screen-printed sensors and biosensors. This review explores the utilization of biochar in the fabrication of screen-printed sensors, emphasizing its properties, such as a high surface area, chemical stability, and tunable functionalities, which are crucial for electroanalytical applications. Key factors influencing biochar properties, including feedstock composition, pyrolysis conditions, and activation methods, are thoroughly analyzed. The study highlights the integration of biochar into various screen-printed sensor platforms, demonstrating its effectiveness in enhancing sensitivity, selectivity, and durability across a range of analytes, from pharmaceuticals to environmental pollutants. Furthermore, the review discusses innovative applications, such as biochar-based flexible and wearable devices, biosensors, immunosensors, and resistive humidity sensors, underscoring their potential in real-world applications. Challenges, including variability in biochar properties and limited electrical conductivity, are also addressed, along with future perspectives for improving standardization and performance. By bridging waste valorization with cutting-edge sensor technologies, biochar-derived screen-printed electrodes represent a promising pathway toward sustainable and efficient electrochemical sensing platforms.

Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of the Drug Active Ingredient Pirfenidone and Its Analytical Application in Natural Samples

2024-12-25T16:30:20+03:00

Pirfenidone is an active pharmaceutical ingredient used orally in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and possesses antifibrotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies conducted on both animals and humans have observed that pirfenidone halts the progression of fibrosis, stabilizes lung function, and reduces the number of acute exacerbations in IPF patients. However, the drug is also associated with side effects such as elevated liver enzymes, liver damage, gastrointestinal problems, photosensitivity reactions, and rashes. Therefore, monitoring liver function during treatment is essential.

The analysis of pirfenidone in physiological samples such as blood and urine is of great importance. According to the literature, chromatographic and spectrofluorimetric, spectrophotometric, and capillary electrophoresis methods are generally used for the determination of pirfenidone. Techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are also common, but these methods have disadvantages such as requiring expensive equipment, large amounts of organic solvents, long pretreatment times, and expert analysts.

In recent years, electroanalytical methods have gained significant interest in the scientific community due to their speed, cost-effectiveness, and practicality. In this project, a new analytical method has been developed for the analysis of pirfenidone in natural and pharmaceutical dosage samples, which had not been previously determined by any electrochemical methods. The electrochemical properties of pirfenidone were investigated using voltammetric methods, and a sensitive, reliable, and reproducible analytical method was developed using square wave voltammetry (SWV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. This newly developed method has successfully achieved the analytical application of pirfenidone in natural samples and commercial formulations and has been introduced into the literature as a novel method.

Carbon-based Electrochemical Nanosensors for the Determination of PDE5 Enzyme Inhibitors

2024-12-29T13:53:29+03:00

Sildenafil (SILC), Verdanafil (VRL) and Tadalafil (TAD), which exhibit phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) properties, are active pharmaceutical ingredients that play an important role in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Traditional analytical methods such as chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods have been widely used for the determination of PDE5 enzyme inhibitors. Nanosensors that will compete with classical analytical methods have been developed for PDE5 enzyme inhibitors using electrochemical methods. The most preferred carbon nanosensors in these studies are; glassy carbon electrode (GCE), screen-printed glassy carbon electrode (SPGCE), graphite paste electrode (GPE), multi-walled carbon nanotube paste electrode (MWCNTPE), boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE), and pencil graphite electrode (PGE). In addition, new generation carbon-based composite nanosensors have been preferred. In the production of these hybrid sensors, metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, polymers, bioindicators, and carbon materials have been used on the carbon main electrode surface. This review examines the important validation parameters such as sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limits of carbon nanosensors used for PDE5 inhibitors. In addition, the sensitivities between electrochemical methods were compared. The analytical performances of carbon nanosensors were also examined in detail. As a result, the superior performances of carbon nanomaterials developed in the determination of SILC, TAD, and VRL drug active ingredients were determined.